The preface to the first edition of this book is only three and a half years old, but in many ways it seems as if it was written an age ago. At an academic level, the reasons for this are quite clear. When the first proposal for this book was submitted to Sage in late 1997, an anonymous reviewer commented that ‘I am not convinced that in practice the book proposed here can actually be produced at the present time.’ After a page-and-a-half of nay-saying, s/he concluded: I remain unconvinced that it is possible at the present time to write a book which does set out in a useful way what a social identity approach to organizational psychology would look like. This would make a stimulating subject for a paper or article, but without a body of research or theorizing which did truly use a social identity approach to organizational psychology, a book on the subject seems unfeasible. Thankfully, the forward-thinking editors at Sage went ahead and commissioned the book anyway. Their judgement was vindicated, and its publication coincided with (and helped promote) a surge of interest in applying social identity and self-categorization principles to the analysis of organizational life. One indicator of this growth is the phenomenal increase in citations of the first article to formally specify links between social identity theory and organizational behaviour: Ashforth and Mael’s (1989) Academy of Management Review article. This pattern of increasing citation over time is apparent in Figure P.1 and it is notable that the article has now passed the 250-citation mark to become a recognized ‘citation classic’. Among other things, this achievement is a reflection of the fact that, in the last 3 years (during which time approximately half of the article’s total citations have occurred), 3 edited books, 2 journal special issues and at least 50 journal articles have been published that use the social identity and self-categorization tenets to tackle almost every conceivable organizational topic. To convey a flavour of its diversity, this published research has addressed topics as wide-ranging as globalization and goalsetting, service provision and strategic planning, restructuring and recruitment, burnout and bureaupathy. However one measures it, then, it seems unlikely that anyone would be able to contend today that the case for a social identity approach to organizational psychology is ‘unfeasible’. On the contrary, it has been established as a major paradigm in the field. One consequence of this is that, whereas in this book’s first edition it was accurate to observe that much of the research into organizational behaviour that had been inspired by social identity and self-categorization theories was ‘work in progress whose impact remains to be fully felt’ (p. 9), in this second edition it seems appropriate to make far less tentative claims. Indeed, the principal rationale for putting together a new edition was to update the first edition in order to take stock of the large amount of research that has been conducted in the last few years.

PURPOSE This book advances a framework, a process, and compositional approaches for designing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research in the human and social sciences. Increased interest in and use of qualitative research, the emergence of mixed methods approaches, and continuing use of the traditional forms of quantitative designs have created a need for this book’s unique comparison of the three approaches to inquiry. This comparison begins with preliminary consideration of philosophical assumptions for all three approaches, a review of the literature, an assessment of the use of theory in research designs, and reflections about the importance of writing and ethics in scholarly inquiry. The book then addresses the key elements of the process of research: writing an introduction, stating a purpose for the study, identifying research questions and hypotheses, and advancing methods and procedures for data collection and analysis. At each step in this process, the reader is taken through qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. The cover illustration depicts a mandala, a Hindu or Buddhist symbol of the universe. Creation of a mandala, much like creation of a research design, requires looking from the vantage point of a framework, an overall design, as well as focused attention on the detail—a mandala made of sand can take days to create because of the precise positioning of the pieces, which sometimes are individual grains of sand. The mandala also shows the interrelatedness of the parts of the whole, again reflecting research design, in which each element contributes to and influences the shape of a complete study. AUDIENCE This book is intended for graduate students and faculty who seek assistance in preparing a plan or proposal for a scholarly journal article, dissertation, or thesis. At a broader level, the book may be useful as both a reference book and a textbook for graduate courses in research methods. To best take advantage of the design features in this book, the reader needs a basic familiarity with qualitative and quantitative research; however, terms will be explained and defined and recommended strategies advanced for those needing introductory assistance in the design process. Highlighted terms in the text and a glossary of the terms at the back of the book provide a working language for understanding research. This book also is intended for a broad audience in the social and human sciences. Readers’ comments since the first edition indicate that individuals using the book come from many disciplines and fields. I hope that researchers in fields such as marketing, management, criminal justice, communication studies, psychology, sociology, K-12 education, higher and postsecondary education, nursing, health sciences, urban studies, family research, and other areas will find the third edition useful. FORMAT In each chapter, I share examples drawn from varied disciplines. These examples are drawn from books, journal articles, dissertation proposals, and dissertations. Though my primary specialization is in education and more broadly the social sciences, the illustrations are intended to be inclusive of the social and human sciences. They reflect issues in social justice and examples of studies with marginalized individuals in our society as well as the traditional samples and populations studied by social researchers. Inclusiveness also extends to methodological pluralism in research today, and the discussion incorporates alternative philosophical ideas, diverse modes of inquiry, and numerous procedures. This book is not a detailed method text; instead, I highlight the essential features of research design. I like to think that I have reduced research to its essential core ideas that researchers need to know to plan a thorough and thoughtful study. The coverage of research strategies of inquiry is limited to frequently used forms: surveys and experiments in quantitative research; phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case studies, and narrative research in qualitative research; and concurrent, sequential, and transformative designs in mixed methods research. Although students preparing a dissertation proposal should find this book helpful, topics related to the politics of presenting and negotiating a study with graduate committees are addressed thoroughly in other texts. Consistent with accepted conventions of scholarly writing, I have tried to eliminate any words or examples that convey a discriminatory (e.g., sexist or ethnic) orientation. Examples were selected to provide a full range of gender and cultural orientations. Favoritism also did not play into my use of qualitative and quantitative discussions: I have intentionally altered the order of qualitative and quantitative examples throughout the text. Readers should note that in the longer examples cited in this book, many references are made to other writings. Only the reference to the work I am using as an illustration will be cited, not the entire list of references embedded within any particular example. As with my earlier editions, I have maintained features to enhance the readability and understandability of the material: bullets to emphasize key points, numbered points to stress steps in a process, longer examples of complete passages with my annotations to highlight key research ideas that are being conveyed by the authors. In this third edition of the book, new features have been added in response to developments in research and reader feedback: • The philosophical assumptions in examining research and using theories are introduced earlier in the book as preliminary steps that researchers need to consider before they design their studies. • The discussion about ethical issues is expanded to include more considerations related to data collection and reporting research findings. • This edition includes, for the first time, an auxiliary CD with a complete PowerPoint slide presentation ready to use in the classroom, as well as sample activities and discussion questions. • New Web-based technologies for literature searches are incorporated, such as Google Scholar, ProQuest, and SurveyMonkey. • The chapter on mixed methods procedures has been extensively revised to include the latest ideas about this design. Recent articles from the Sage journal, the Journal of Mixed Methods Research, are included and cited. • The second edition’s chapter on definitions, limitations, and delimitations has been eliminated and the information incorporated into the chapters about reviewing the literature and the introduction to a proposal. Proposal developers today are including these ideas into other sections of a proposal. • This third edition contains a glossary of terms that beginning and more experienced researchers can use to understand the language of research. This is especially important with the evolving language of qualitative and mixed methods research. Throughout the text, terms are carefully defined. • I include in many chapters a delineation of research tips on different topics that have helped me advise students and faculty in research methods during the past 35 years. • The book contains updated references throughout and attention to new editions of works. • Features of the last edition are also maintained, such as • The overall structure of the book with the overlays of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research designs on the overall process and steps in the process of research • The key practical strategies of understanding the philosophical assumptions of research, tips on scholarly writing, conducting a literature map of the research, scripts in writing research purpose statements and questions, and the checklists for writing detailed procedures of conducting qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research • Each chapter ends with discussion questions and key references.

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As the East African regional integration progresses, the demand to address related social economic issues by civil society and other stakeholders likewise, continues to rise. Kituo Cha Katiba: The Eastern Africa Centre for Constitutional Development (KCK) has risen to this challenge by scaling up her interventions to meet the growing demands. In line with our mission: the promotion and protection of constitutionalism, good governance and democratic development in Eastern Africa, KCK’s contribution has been directed to examining the interface between economic integration and human rights. We have thus identified the subject of social security as a basic human right pertinent to the exercise by East Africans of their right to free movement of labour in the region within the context of the East African Community (EAC) Common Market Protocol. This publication is an output of a project titled Towards a Common Formal Social Security and Pension Scheme for The East African Community: An Examination of National Legislative Framework, that involved a comparative study in 2010, of the legislative framework in the area of social security and pensions schemes in the six EAC countries of Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania Mainland, Uganda and Tanzania Zanzibar, within the context of the EAC Common Market Protocol. The project marked one of a series of projects KCK hopes to accomplish under the Common Market and in the area of EAC economic integration. I wish, on behalf of the Board and Staff of KCK, to extend our deepest gratitude to Trade Mark East Africa (TMEA) for the support for this project, which also marked a major milestone in KCK’s programmatic interventions in the area of EAC economic integration. Our special thanks go to Prof. John-Jean Barya of the School of Law, Makerere University for undertaking the study with exhibited professionalism and thoroughness. KCK is highly indebted to Mr. Dominico Kabyemera of Arusha Tanzania, for the useful information provided for the study. Our most sincere appreciation goes to Mr. Jean Claude Cibogoye of Burundi, Mr. Edmond Odaba and Monica Were of Kenya, Mr. Emmanuel Kayitare of Rwanda, and Mr. Abdallah Gonzi of Tanzania Mainland, whose comments to the report were extremely valuable in refining the report. Finally, I express gratitude to the KCK Secretariat for conceptualizing the project idea and to Ms. Jackee Omara for coordinating the project.